分析社交機器人的社會性別與交織性

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社交機器人會是性別化的嗎?使用者是否會性別化機器人,即使設計者意圖打造的是性別中立的裝置(Nass & Moon, 2000)?了解機器人是如何被性別化的,可以幫助研究人員、設計者與使用者對於要在機器人身上尋求什麼特性,以及機器人與聊天機器人可能如何提昇社會平等或是至少不造成阻礙等面向做出有意識的決定(請見性別化社交機器人)。

  1. 站在使用者的立場考量社會性別

    從企劃到購買的商品生命週期間,使用者會如何參與其中?

    1. 你是否納入了廣泛且具代表性的多樣使用者,包括了不同的社會性別∕生理性別、種族、年齡、社經地位、身高、障礙之有無、體型等等,你是否也考慮到了這些特質之間的交織性?使用者組態會依照你設想的產品而有所不同(Rohracher, 2005; 見臉部辨識)。
    2. 你的產品設計是否適用不同身形的使用者,例如矮小的女人與高大的男人?許多科技設想的使用者身高體重可能帶有生理性別指涉,例如連身機器人(Odah et al., 2018; Søraa and Fosch-Villatonga, forthcoming)。
    3. 科技的設計是否會有排除特定使用者的風險,例如障礙者或是社經地位較低者(Tay et al., 2014)?
    4. 機器人是否有任何特性會再度強化現存的性別不平等、性別常模或是性別刻板印象(請見虛擬助理與聊天機器人)?
    5. 機器人是否有任何特性會再度強化現存的社交角色(例如職場的性別區隔,如男性被與工程劃上連結而女性則是連結到家務科技)(請見性別化社交機器人)?
  2. 你的機器人設計是否有助提昇社會平等?

    機器人專家有機會藉由引導使用者重新思考社會性別常模來挑戰社會性別刻板印象:

    1. 你的機器人是否再製了現有的社會性別刻板印象、常模、角色與預設?這對社會平等的影響為何?(請見性別化社交機器人觸覺科技機器翻譯
    2. 你是否能夠為機器人設置選項,讓使用者得以挑選男性、女性或多元性別特性?(Reich-Stiebert & Eyssel, 2017;請見虛擬助理與聊天機器人
  3. 機器人的哪些特性形成了性別屬性?

    這些作法可能會導致機器人的性別化:

    1. 選擇以男性或女性的名字來標誌機器人(Kraus et al., 2018; Crowell et al., 2009; Alexander et al., 2014; Kuchenbrandt et al., 2014; Reich-Stiebert & Eyssel, 2017; Tay et al., 2014)。
    2. 機器人的色彩編碼(Jung et al., 2016; Powers et al., 2005)。
    3. 操作社會性別的視覺指涉(例如面貌、髮型或唇色)(Powers et al., 2005; Eyssel & Hegel, 2012)。
    4. 使用低音調或是高音調的聲音(Kraus et al., 2018; Crowell et al., 2009; Alexander et al., 2014; Kuchenbrandt et al., 2014; Reich-Stiebert & Eyssel, 2017; Tay et al., 2014; Powers et al., 2005; Siegel et al., 2009; Eyssel et al., 2012)
    5. 設計了性別化的人格特質(Kraus et al., 2018; Kittmann et al., 2015)。
    6. 將機器人運用於具性別刻板印象的領域中,例如以具男性聲音的機器人擔任保全,以及以具女性聲音的機器人擔任健康照護角色(Eyssel & Hegel, 2012)。

    其他可能會造成機器人性別化的面向,例如動作或手勢等,仍待實證研究(Alesich & Rigby, 2017; Søraa, 2017)。

  4. 考量人-機互動中的社會性別

    測試人類參與者之生理∕社會性別與機器人之「社會性別」間的互動。如有需要,可用不同的社會性別化參數進行測試(Jung et al., 2016; Powers et al., 2005; Nomura 2017)。

    1. 人類與機器人的生理性別與社會性別如何影響人類與機器人的互動、情緒、認知以及行為?這些互動可能有怎樣的性別化?
  5. 考量機器人的社會文化脈絡

    在為全球的受眾設計機器人時,應考量生理∕社會性別(與機器人)的特定社會與文化面向,因為這在世界不同角落有著不同狀況。

    1. 考量此人類-機器人互動發生之社會脈絡或領域(健康照護、教育、保全、居家等等)會有的影響(Bartneck et al., 2007)。
    2. 考量機器人所運用之處的文化、區域與國家。該地區的社會性別常模為何?該文化中對於機器人與人類的互動可能有著什麼樣的預設(Fraune et al., 2015)?
    3. 考量在機器人設置之處,個體於該脈絡中的社會關係與交織性(例如,機器人是否會承襲種族偏見,詳見:Bartneck et al., 2018)。

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